{ "document_id": 12962, "page": 40, "width_pt": 612, "height_pt": 792, "rotation": 0, "pipeline_version": "paddleocr-vl-1.6+paul-48", "engine": "paddleocr_vl", "source_run_id": 13076, "item_count": 11, "counts_by_type": { "header": 1, "heading": 4, "text": 6 }, "build_ms": 2, "items": [ { "id": "p40.1", "order": 1, "type": "header", "bbox": { "l": 299.04, "t": 756.24, "r": 312.96, "b": 745.44 }, "text": "32", "attrs": { "block_label": "number" }, "level": 2 }, { "id": "p40.2", "order": 2, "type": "heading", "bbox": { "l": 69.84, "t": 697.92, "r": 415.92, "b": 674.4 }, "text": "VIII. Integrated Pest Management", "attrs": { "block_label": "paragraph_title" }, "level": 3 }, { "id": "p40.3", "order": 3, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 68.88, "t": 658.32, "r": 542.4, "b": 590.88 }, "text": "Eliminating insect pests in aquaponic systems is more difficult than in traditional soil-based or hydroponic growing methods. Common insecticides are typically toxic to aquatic vertebrates at very low concentrations. Many practitioners implement an ecosystem-based approach to pest prevention and reduction, known as integrated pest management (IPM). This strategy may implement a pronged approach of physical, environmental, biological, and/or microbial controls." }, { "id": "p40.4", "order": 4, "type": "heading", "bbox": { "l": 69.6, "t": 580.08, "r": 168.48, "b": 566.88 }, "text": "Physical Controls", "attrs": { "block_label": "paragraph_title" }, "level": 3 }, { "id": "p40.5", "order": 5, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 68.64, "t": 561.84, "r": 534.72, "b": 442.08 }, "text": "Preventing insects from entering the greenhouse is the best pest management strategy for aquaponics. Prevention is accomplished through consistent monitoring and physical controls. The use of adhesive, pheromone, or light traps can be used to monitor type of insect and level of infestation. Screens can be an effective physical control and can be used on outdoor systems or to cover vents in a greenhouse. Mesh size is an important consideration and should be as small as possible without restricting air flow and ventilation. Screen size for common pests are 0.15 mm for thrips, 0.73 mm for white flies and aphids, and 0.8 mm for leaf miners. The most effective monitoring tool however, is the “farmer’s shadow” (close monitoring by operators). Physical controls can also include a sanitation area for workers and production of plant seedlings in-house." }, { "id": "p40.6", "order": 6, "type": "heading", "bbox": { "l": 69.6, "t": 431.04, "r": 234.72, "b": 417.84 }, "text": "Biological/Chemical Controls", "attrs": { "block_label": "paragraph_title" }, "level": 3 }, { "id": "p40.7", "order": 7, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 68.4, "t": 412.8, "r": 539.28, "b": 346.08 }, "text": "IPM strategies can also incorporate biological and/or microbial controls. These controls have many ecological advantages, including their host specificity, environmental beneficence, ability to be used in conjunction with chemical application, and that they are nontoxic and nonpathogenic to wildlife, humans, and other organisms not closely related to the target pest. Considering that these are precise, targeted control measures, cost can often be substantial." }, { "id": "p40.8", "order": 8, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 68.4, "t": 336, "r": 540.24, "b": 268.56 }, "text": "Biological controls utilize insect predators of the target pest to control population numbers. While effective, use of beneficial insects may be cost prohibitive for smaller or hobby aquaponic systems. This strategy requires a tight predatory-prey ratio, as prey can be quickly depleted, leaving the beneficial insects with no food source. Predatory bugs such as spiders, ladybugs, praying mantis, bumblebees, and parasitic wasps are effective in combating pests." }, { "id": "p40.9", "order": 9, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 68.64, "t": 259.2, "r": 531.36, "b": 204.96 }, "text": "Certain plants such as lavender, basil, rosemary, marigold, chrysanthemum, petunias, and carnivorous plants have natural oils and tactics that repel pests such as aphids, thrips, whiteflies, spider mites, and caterpillars. A natural pest repellent can be achieved by having large quantities of these plants inside and outside a plant production area." }, { "id": "p40.10", "order": 10, "type": "heading", "bbox": { "l": 70.08, "t": 193.2, "r": 197.04, "b": 180.24 }, "text": "Chemical Applications", "attrs": { "block_label": "paragraph_title" }, "level": 3 }, { "id": "p40.11", "order": 11, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 68.4, "t": 176.4, "r": 540.24, "b": 55.92 }, "text": "Pesticides derived from biological or microbial sources are also effective and widely available. Biopesticides are derived from natural materials such as animals, plants, bacterial, and certain minerals. Common biopesticides include biofungicides (Trichoderma), bioherbicides (Phytophthora), and bioinsecticides (Bacillus thuringiensis, B. sphaericus). B. thuringiensis (Bt) has become an increasingly common mechanism to target specific vegetable pests. Bt consists of a spore that contains a toxic protein crystal. Certain insects that consume the bacteria release toxic crystals into their gut, blocking the system, which protects the pest's stomach from its own digestive juices. The stomach is penetrated, causing insect death by poisoning from stomach content and spores themselves. This same mechanism is what makes Bt harmless to birds, fish and mammals, whose acidic gut conditions negate the bacteria's effect." } ], "excluded_furniture": { "first": [], "last": [] } }